Advance Force Pearl Harbor
by Burl Burlingame
Naval Institute Press, 1992, 481 pages
Many books have been written about the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor, but few give much attention to the role that Japanese submarines
played in the attack. The title of Advance Force Pearl Harbor suggests
this book will tell the history of the 25 Japanese submarines, including five
with attached midget submarines, in the Advanced Expeditionary Force that
participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor. The book does cover this subject
quite thoroughly, although in a disjointed fashion, but the topics discussed in
this history at times stray far afield from the title.
Burl Burlingame, journalist with the Honolulu
Star-Bulletin since 1979, has been interested in the Pearl Harbor attack
since childhood, when he started to read everything he could find about the
incident. This thoroughly researched book contains an extensive bibliography of
primary sources and over 300 photos and diagrams. Although Advance Force
Pearl Harbor has some drawbacks in organization and focus, the book contains
the most thorough coverage on Japanese submarine involvement in the Pearl
Harbor attack of any English-language book published to date.
The author devotes many pages to the preparation, execution,
and aftermath of the five midget submarines' operations during the Pearl Harbor
attack. This topic extends from the first chapter to the last one, but much of
the book's other material deals with battle action that occurred far away from
Pearl Harbor or long after the attack on December 7, 1941. For example, one
chapter near the end includes several pages about the March 1944 slaughter of
civilian sailors aboard the Dutch freighter Tjisalak carried out by the
I-8 submarine, which participated in the Advance Force for the Pearl Harbor
attack. The scope of the book becomes less focused in the last half, which
includes topics such as Japanese submarine attacks off the U.S. West Coast and against small, far-flung Pacific islands.
The huge number of names, places, ships, and events makes
this book difficult to read in places. In addition, the author often breaks up
longer stories into several pieces and includes many pages of unrelated
material in between these parts. This technique makes it even more difficult to
follow a narrative involving many people and other details. For example, the
story of the sinking of the freighter Lahaina by the Japanese I-9
submarine on December 11, 1941, and the survival of 30 men who reached Hawaii
after ten days in a lifeboat gets divided into three major parts with dozens of
pages in between (pages 146-7, 293-9, 336-7).
Advance Force Pearl Harbor includes many personal stories of Japanese and
American participants at Pearl Harbor and later in the war. Kazuo Sakamaki, the
pilot of one of the midget submarines and America's first POW of WWII,
receives attention throughout the book. Chapter 5 introduces each
crewmember of the five two-man midget submarines that participated in the Pearl
Harbor attack. Chapter 11 describes the release of the midgets from the mother
submarines carrying them and includes the last writings of some of the
crewmembers, including the following poem by Lieutenant Naoji Iwasa:
As the cherry blossoms fall
At the height of their glory,
So, too, must I fall
That men may call me
A flower of Yamato,
Though my bones lie scattered
In the bleak wilderness
Of strange and distant lands.
Chapters 12 to 19 constitute the heart of the
book with a description of battle action of Japanese submarines and
American warships around Pearl Harbor. Sakamaki's midget had several mechanical
problems, including a non-functioning gyrocompass, so he and his crewman
Kiyoshi Inagaki could not control its direction. They eventually abandoned the
midget after setting explosives to scuttle it, but they failed to explode. The
small craft ran aground and was recovered so that Navy Intelligence could
investigate this Japanese secret weapon and its contents. Inagaki died on the
way from the midget submarine to the shore, but Sakamaki was captured after
washing up on the beach.
|
|
POW Kazuo Sakamaki
with cigarette burns on cheeks
|
|
|
|
Nobody knows exactly what happened to the other four midget
submarines after release from their mother ships since no crewmember survived.
The book's narrative does not clearly describe the fate of each midget submarine,
but Burlingame in 2002 wrote an article entitled "First to Die"
in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that summarizes the current status of historical
research related to these four midget submarines. More than one hour before the
aerial attack on Pearl Harbor at 6:45 a.m., the destroyer Ward (DD-139)
fired the first shot of the Pacific War at the conning tower of one of the
midget submarines. Ward dropped depth charges that sank the midget
(according to 2002 article, most likely the one piloted by Ensign Akira Hiroo
from the I-20 mother submarine). Within an hour after the first Japanese planes
attacked Peal Harbor, the destroyer Monaghan (DD-354) rammed a midget
submarine inside the harbor after the midget fired two torpedoes. Subsequent
depth charges succeeded in sinking it (according to 2002 article, most likely
the one piloted by Lieutenant Naoji Iwasa from the I-22 mother submarine). In
1960, another midget submarine (according to 2002 article, most likely the one
piloted by Lieutenant Junior Grade Shigemi Furuno from the I-18 mother
submarine) was recovered from Keehi Lagoon and is now on display outside the
Etajima Museum of Naval History. The last midget submarine, piloted by
Lieutenant Junior Grade Masaharu Yokoyama from the I-16 mother submarine, has
not yet been discovered. However, Chapter 15 has a very interesting photo and
an enlargement of a section of the photo that may show a midget submarine
firing a torpedo during the aerial attack. Burlingame speculates in his 2002
article that this may have been the I-16 midget submarine. On December 8 after
midnight, Yokoyama radioed the message of "successful surprise
attack" to the I-16 mother submarine, but it is not known what happened to his midget
submarine after radio communication ceased at 1:11 a.m.
The nine crewmen to die in the five midget submarines that
attacked Pearl Harbor were the first members of Japan's Special Attack Forces.
The phrase "special attack" in Japanese indicates the suicidal nature
of their mission, and much later in the war the Special Attack Forces included
other suicidal weapons such as kamikaze planes, kaiten human torpedoes, and
explosive motorboats.
Admiral Yamamoto wanted provisions to be made for the rescue of the midget sub
crews, and the mother submarines that carried the midgets were to wait at a
rendezvous point seven miles west of Lanai. However, the designation of the
five midget subs as a Special Attack Flotilla and the crewmen's writing of last
letters to their families showed that they had almost no hope of survival.
Kazuo Sakamaki felt that he had failed in his responsibilities. Upon
his capture, he said that he wanted to commit suicide as the honorable
act for a Japanese Naval officer, and he wrote on December 14, 1941, as part of
a long letter, "Thus I betrayed the expectations of our 100,000,000
(people) and became a sad prisoner of war disloyal to my country." Before
getting his POW photograph, he pressed a lit cigarette into his cheeks and
branded six small circles on his skin making the shape of a triangle on each
cheek. He stayed in various POW camps on the mainland U.S. until the end
of WWII. After the end of the war, Sakamaki joined Toyota as a clerk and
eventually became an
executive and the head of Toyota's subsidiary in Brazil.
The nine midget submarine crewmen who died were
promoted two ranks and were honored as war gods. The Japanese propaganda
machine could make public the previously unknown secret weapon since Sakamaki's
midget had been captured. Many Japanese Naval leaders had been against
deployment of the midget submarines, since they could have alerted Americans of
an impending attack. Despite the glory bestowed by the Japanese press on the
Special Attack Flotilla members for their heroics at Pearl Harbor, they had
little or no battle success even though Japanese propagandists attributed
battleship USS Arizona's
sinking to a torpedo fired from one midget submarine. In the book's last chapter,
Burlingame summarizes the reasons for the midgets' lack of success: "The
midget submarines failed at Pearl Harbor due to a triple-punch. Their own
inexperience and too-brief training period, Pearl Harbor's difficult waterways
and the alert, dogged response of American destroyers mitigated against
success."
|
|
